1. Over the centuries atonement has often been portrayed as the ingenious means by which two opposing divine characteristics can both find satisfactory expression. Divine holiness (or justice) requires punishment for sin, whereas divine mercy requires that God save the sinner. The death of Christ, as a divinely provided substitute for the death deserved by sinners, is seen as allowing both of these divine attributes their proper function. Such an interpretation, in spite of its venerable pedigree,
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